was regarded as a crank and sent packing even though in a matter of hours the Soviet Embassy would surely know the documents were missing and begin a hunt for him.
      What few Canadians and Americans realized was that Soviet espionage had begun to function from Day One of the Russian Revolution, first, of course, against the Russian people and then against the capitalist democracies.
      The GPU, as it was then called, and the GRU had become particularly active during World War II. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr have written in their history of Soviet spying: "From 1942 to 1945 the Soviet Union launched an unrestrained espionage offensive against the United States. This offensive reached its zenith during the period when the United States, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, adopted a policy of friendship and accommodation toward the U.S.S.R. The Soviet assault was of the type a nation directs at an enemy state that is temporarily an ally and with which it anticipates future hostility, rather than the much more restrained intelligence-gathering it would direct toward an ally that was expected to remain a friendly power."
      So pervasive was Soviet influence on American elites that the egregious Joseph E. Davies, a close friend of FDR whom he appointed as ambassador to Moscow, even endorsed treason on behalf of the U.S.S.R. In 1946, he was quoted in the New York Times as saying: "Russia in self-defense has every moral right to seek atomic-bomb secrets through military espionage if excluded from such information by her former fighting allies."
      It’s a miracle that Gouzenko survived those few days when the Soviet Embassy goons were trying to hunt him down. He had the goods, but it was days before anybody in authority was willing to listen to him, and that included the then Prime Minister Mackenzie King, who wanted only, as he told the Canadian House of Commons, "the best of relations with the U.S.S.R." It was the Royal Canadian Mounted Police that finally listened to him and vouched for his information.
      Perhaps the real appreciation of what the young Russian cipher clerk did for freedom was in a letter Mrs. Gouzenko received in 1995 on the occasion of her 50th anniversary in Canada and which the National Post columnist, George Jonas, has made public. The letter reads:
      "When you and your husband crossed over to freedom, you began the long process that led to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union. His revelation helped the West to face up to the reality of communist subversion and tyranny. Those of us who later fought the battle for freedom to its climax in 1989 and 1991 were greatly in his debt and in yours." Signed: Margaret Thatcher.
      —The Washington Times, August 4, 2002

The Chinese government is continuing its global effort to secure a commercial-strategic foothold on some of the world’s most vital naval choke points. U.S. intelligence officials tell us the latest move involves Hong Kong magnate Li Kashing.
      Mr. Li and his Hutchison Whampoa company want to build a large port facility in Iran, north of the major Iranian naval base of Bandar Abbas on the Persian Gulf, according to officials familiar with intelligence reports. The port would sit a few miles from the Strait of Hormuz, where a good portion of the world’s oil passes.
      Other intelligence reports indicate China also wants to set up port facilities in Malta, located strategically in the Mediterranean Sea.
      The U.S. Southern Command wrote a classified intelligence estimate several years ago stating that China is seeking to set up a commercial presence around the world at strategic choke points.
      Officials believe the commercial outposts could be used by China in the event of a world crisis or conflict as a base for military operations to disrupt international shipping.
      Mr. Li has been identified by U.S. intelligence agencies as having close ties to senior Chinese Communist Party leaders. He was behind China’s successful bid to win long-term leases for two posts located at either end of the Panama Canal for companies linked to Mr. Li’s Hutchison Whampoa conglomerate. Panama is a key strategic waterway for the U.S. military, which would use the canal as part of a supply line in the event of a conflict in Asia.
      Hutchison has secured port facilities in the Bahamas and also is vying to purchase a major port facility in Tampa, Fla., home to the U.S. Central Command, which is a key command in the war against terrorism.
      Unfortunately, pro-China officials in the U.S. government have sought to dismiss the strategic encirclement. Secretary of State Colin L. Powell told a congressional hearing last year that he sees no danger to China’s presence near the canal.
      A declassified Army intelligence report from 1998 stated that Mr. Li was "planning to take control of Panama Canal operations when the U.S. transfers it to Panama in Dec. 99," and noted that Mr. Li "is directly connected to Beijing and is willing to use his business influence to further the aims of the Chinese government."
      —The Washington Times, July 12, 2002, p. A 10

Supporters of taking out the phrase "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance have come up with a new twist in their arsenal of arguments: It was part and parcel of the McCarthyite witch-hunt of the 1950s, when America faced a phony Red menace and the real dangers came from right-wing proponents of a new conformity.
      Historian David Greenberg, for example, writes in the online magazine Slate of a time when "Billy Graham rose to fame as a Red-baiter," not as an evangelical Christian. The words added to the Pledge went "hand in hand with the Red Scare, to which it was inextricably linked." The campaign to add "under God," he states, "was part of this [Red Scare] movement."
      In reality, the Communist insistence on "atheism" was part and parcel of their totalitarian ideology: Marxism-Leninism, itself a state religion, could not sanction a free society based on freedom of religion and tolerance for competing systems of faith or belief.
      At home, moreover, there was a very real Communist threat, as scores of revelations from the Soviet archives since the collapse of the USSR have shown.
      For decades, many people believed that anyone who was accused of being a spy for the Soviets in the ’50s was in fact just another innocent victim of the McCarthyite smear machine. The claim is a staple of the writers at The Nation, the ultra-liberal journal of opinion.
      Just last year, its publisher and editorial director, Victor Navasky, wrote a lengthy article on what he called "the Missing Red Menace," warning of a new attempt to resurrect McCarthyism, so that tactics "pioneered by the red-baiters of half a century ago" can be used today against opponents of the Bush administration.
      Navasky and his political friends insist that a small group of right-wing historians are out to resurrect Joe McCarthy’s reputation. In fact, a consensus exists that McCarthy was a demagogue who made reckless and irresponsible charges, and who did in fact slander innocent people.
      But McCarthy’s greatest crime was to give anti-Communism a bad name, so that persons who actually did betray America and aided Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union through espionage have been for years portrayed as heroic victims.
      Among this group we now know to have been working for the KGB and its predecessors, and for the GRU - Soviet military intelligence - were prominent Americans who in the war years infiltrated every major agency of the U.S. government, from the State and Treasury Departments to the Manhattan Project.

      The Venona project files - thousands of decrypted 1940s cables between the KGB in Moscow and its agents in New York, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., and elsewhere, only released to the public beginning in 1995 - makes the evidence overwhelming. Thanks to Venona, we have definitive proof of the guilt of Alger Hiss and Julius Rosenberg, as well as the most important American atomic spy, Theodore Hall.
      But Venona also revealed that the KGB had among its agents such people as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White; the chief of the State Department’s Division of American Republics, Laurence Duggan; the head of the State Department’s Latin American Division, Maurice Halperin; and Lauchlin Currie, administrative aide and State Department liaison to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman.
      Venona in fact confirmed what anti-Communists had argued at the time, and which their detractors, the anti anti-Communists, had always denied: There was a successful and dangerous Soviet penetration of our government, as well as a network of spies working for the KGB.
      It also has been established that many of them were recruited directly out of the ranks of the American Communist Party. Contrary to what the left of the time had maintained - that the Communists were small, insignificant and hardly a danger - there was in fact good reason to view them not simply as members of an unpopular but legal political party, but as potential spies in waiting. The CP-USA was, as scholars Harvey Klehr and John Haynes have written, "indeed a fifth column working inside and against the United States in the Cold War."
      Indeed, new revelations about Communist intrigue seem never to stop appearing. In their new book "Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History," Jerrold and Leona Schecter reveal that J. Robert Oppenheimer, the legendary chief of the Manhattan Project, was himself a member of the Communist Party until 1942, at which time the KGB ordered him to suspend his membership.
      Documents they have obtained show us for the first time that Oppenheimer was a major Soviet asset, and had agreed to hire Communist scientists for the project who would then ferret out secret data to the Soviets. From December 1941 through the early months of 1942, they write, "The American Communist Party underground and Soviet intelligence were enlisting Oppenheimer’s cooperation to obtain atomic secrets." KGB chief Lavrenti Beria, Stalin’s main henchman, called the scientist "a member of the apparatus of Comrade [Earl] Browder," the American CP’s wartime leader.
      Then, as now, America faced serious enemies. Then, as now, it made sense to allow the FBI to carefully watch and monitor these enemies of our nation’s security and freedom.
      When we look over the history of our recent past, it turns out that the red-baiters, and not the Reds, were right.
      —The New York Post, July 10, 2002, found in frontpagemagazine.com

China's Military Muscle
by Bill Gertz

China recently test-fired a medium-range missile that contained numerous dummy warheads designed to defeat missile defenses, according to U.S. intelligence officials.
      The launch of a CSS-5 medium-range missile occurred in early July from a missile base in southern China, said officials familiar with the intelligence report.
      Intelligence analysts said the multiple dummy warheads on the test are a sign that Beijing’s military is preparing to counter regional missile defenses in Asia such as those being worked on by Japan and the United States.
      The CSS-5 was tracked from the test site to an impact range in western China after a flight of about 1,300 miles.
      Satellite photographs of the impact range where the missile’s dummy warheads hit showed that in addition to its main warhead, there were six or seven dummies that the Pentagon calls "penetration aids."
      The dummy warheads are intended to fool the sensors of missile-defense systems that guide interceptor missiles to it.
      A CIA spokesman declined to comment on the report.
      The Bush administration has made building missile defenses a priority, and President Bush has withdrawn the United States from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty to help speed the development of missile-defense systems, which have been described as hitting a bullet with a bullet because of the high speeds involved.
      China has been upgrading its aging CSS-2 intermediate-range missile force since the late 1990s with the more advanced CSS-5s, also known as the Dong Feng-21, or DF-21.
      The missile tested earlier this month is believed to be a more advanced version of the CSS-5, known as a Mod 2.
      The CSS-5 is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead with an explosive yield of up to 300 kilotons, or the equivalent of 300,000 tons of TNT. It also can carry a conventional high-explosive warhead.
      A 1997 report by the Air Force National Air Intelligence Center said the CSS-5 was being deployed near China’s borders to provide target coverage of Russia, Central Asian nations, India, Japan, South and North Korea, and the Philippines.
      The CSS-5 and CSS-2s are deployed at Tonghua, near North Korea; at Lianxiwang, near Taiwan; at Jianshui, near the China-Vietnam border; and at Datong in central China.
      Richard Fisher, a specialist on the Chinese military with the Jamestown Foundation, said the DF-21 is a major weapons system for use by China against U.S. forces in Asia or against Taiwan.
      Mr. Fisher said the warhead on the CSS-5 is precision-guided and probably uses Global Positioning System satellites to find its targets.
      "We’ve known since 1996 that this missile had a terminally guided warhead that is capable of extreme accuracy," Mr. Fisher said. "The emergence of penetration aids all points to the [CSS-5] as a highly survivable and accurate missile that will have the capability of defeating future American theater missile defenses."

      Mr. Fisher said that CSS-5 is part of a Chinese missile buildup that includes hundreds of CSS-6 and CSS-7 short-range missiles that have been deployed opposite Taiwan.
      A Pentagon report made public July 12 stated that China’s missile buildup began before Beijing saw the deployment of U.S. missile defenses.
      "But China likely will take measures to improve its ability to defeat the defense system in order to preserve its strategic deterrent," the report said. "The measures likely will include improved penetration packages for its [intercontinental ballistic missiles], an increase in the number of deployed ICBMs, and perhaps development of a multiple-warhead system for an ICBM, most likely for the CSS-4."
      The most likely regional missile defense to be deployed by U.S. forces in Asia is the sea-based Navy system built around Aegis battle-management systems on guided-missile cruisers and destroyers.
      Japan’s government is researching a sea-based missile defense for its Aegis ships, and Taiwans’s government also has called for developing a joint missile defense with the United States and Japan to defend against China’s missiles.
      The Pentagon report said the Chinese military’s Second Artillery, the branch in charge of missiles, "is continuing the replacement of the liquid-propellant CSS-2 [intermediate-range ballistic missiles] with the solid-propellant, mobile CSS-5 [medium-range ballistic missile]."
      The CSS-2 also has been viewed by defense analysts as a weapon for China’s military to use against U.S. warships, including aircraft carriers.
      The report also said China is extending the range of its long-range missiles.
      "China is in the midst of a ballistic-missile modernization program that is improving its force, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in all classes of missiles," the 56-page Pentagon report said.
      "This modernization program will improve both China’s nuclear deterrence by increasing the number of warheads that can target the United States, as well as improving its operational capabilities for contingencies in East Asia," the report said.
      The Taipei Times reported on July 15 that China test-launched two CSS-5 missiles from mobile launchers in Jiangxi province, in south-central China, to target sites in Gansu province in the northwest. The newspaper quoted unidentified defense sources.
      U.S. intelligence officials said only one of the launched CSS-5s was tracked.
      The Pentagon report stated that China will replace by mid-decade all 20 of its older CSS-4 intercontinental ballistic missiles with longer-range versions known as CSS-4 Mod 2s. China also is developing three new solid-fuel ICBMs, known as the DF-31, extended-range DF-31 and a submarine-launched DF-31.
      The first DF-31 has been flight-tested successfully several times, and the two newer variants will be deployed sometime in the middle to later years of this decade, the report said.
      —The Washington Times, July 23, 2002, p. 1

Osama bin Laden has done China a favor. The minds of President Bush and congressional leaders are so concentrated on the war on terrorism, they have all but ignored Beijing’s aggressive military buildup.
      Two new reports—one by the congressionally appointed, bipartisan U.S.-China Security Commission, the other a congressionally mandated annual assessment by the Pentagon—reveal China’s hostile intentions toward the United States and our sworn ally Taiwan.
      Taken together, the reports suggest that Washington’s longstanding policy of "constructive engagement" with Beijing has borne little fruit and that the United States ought to develop some sort of containment policy toward the communists.
      "We are concerned," said Michael Ledeen, the commission’s vice chairman, "when we see constant rhetorical attacks on the United States, constant warnings to the United States, that if push comes to shove, China is perfectly happy to fight a war against us.
      "And then to see a strategic doctrine from the Chinese military that lays out the ways in which they propose to win that war."
      The Pentagon report says that China’s military training exercises "increasingly focus on the United States as an adversary." It estimates that Beijing spends $65 billion a year on defense, the largest military budget in Asia and the second largest in the world behind the United States.
      Clearly, the communists aim to expand their influence in the Asia-Pacific region. And they view the United States as an impediment.
      So, China is busily replacing its current arsenal of liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missiles, which are targeted at the United States and capable of delivering nuclear payloads to San Diego and other West Coast targets, with the country’s new solid-fueled ICBMs. These missiles, according to the Pentagon report, will be deployed in a mere matter of years and will have a strike range that includes most of the United States.
      Meanwhile, China continues its buildup of short-range ballistic missiles in Fujian Province, opposite Taiwan. The missiles currently number 350 and are increasing at a rate of 50 a year.
      Beijing also has purchased Kilo-class submarines, Sovremenny-class destroyers and advanced weaponry from

Russia and other former Soviet states "to intimidate or actually attack" Taipei, according to the Pentagon report.
      "China’s ambitious military modernization casts a cloud," it said, "over its declared preference for resolving differences over Taiwan through peaceful means."
      The aim of the buildup, it added, is "to deter, deny or complicate the ability of foreign forces to intervene on Taiwan’s behalf" in the event of a communist surprise attack.
      And free and democratic Taiwan is not the only U.S. ally threatened by China’s military aspirations. A Philippine military report in March said that the communists are building up their strength in the South China Sea, where China, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan and Vietnam all claim title to parts of the Spratly Islands.
      The Spratlys, an archipelago of islands, islets and reefs, are thought to sit atop a great undersea deposit of oil and gas. The area also happens to straddle one of the world’s busiest shipping routes.
      The Philippine military report said that Beijing’s military aggressiveness in the South China Sea—it has built 20 to 24 navy vessels, fitted with 30 mm guns for patrols—"has stirred apprehensions in Southeast Asia about China’s intentions."
      It also warned that the continuing disputes over the Spratlys represent the "greatest potential flashpoint for conflict in Southeast Asia."
      Then there’s China’s growing belligerence toward Japan, which it views as a potential military rival in the Asian-Pacific region.
      To dissuade Tokyo (and send a message to the United States as well), Beijing is developing a variant of the mobile CSS-6 missile that could reach Okinawa, the Japanese island where thousands of U.S. military personnel are based.
      Finally, the communists continue to export arms and materials to terrorist-supporting states like Iraq and Iran despite China’s pledge to the United States to desist with such proliferation.
      The commission report said Beijing is a leading source of ballistic missiles and nuclear materials as well as technology and components for weapons of mass destruction.
      The president and congressional leaders need to take seriously the clear and present danger posed by China’s growing militarism, for Beijing is no less a threat to the safety and security of the American people than Osama bin Laden’s terrorists.
      —The Washington Times, July 24, 2002, p. A 17

China’s military is engaged in a threatening buildup that includes extending the range of its nuclear missiles and developing forces to coerce and attack Taiwan, according to a Pentagon report on Chinese military power.
      The report to Congress made public yesterday states that China has located all of its 350 short-range missiles in a province near Taiwan and that its buildup not only threatens the island, but Japan and the Philippines as well.
      The report is the most detailed examination to date by the Pentagon of China’s growing military strength. By contrast, previous annual reports sought to play down China’s military buildup as nonthreatening.
      "China is in the midst of a ballistic-missile modernization program that is improving its force, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in all classes of missiles," the 56-page report said.
      "This modernization program will improve both China’s nuclear deterrence by increasing the number of warheads that can target the United States, as well as improving its operational capabilities for contingencies in East Asia."
      The Pentagon report revealed for the first time that China is replacing all 20 of its older CSS-4 intercontinental ballistic missiles with longer-range versions known as CSS-4 Mod 2s.
      The report states that the longer-range missiles will be deployed by "mid-decade."
      "In addition, China is developing three solid propellant ICBMs," the report said.
      Development of the DF-31 is progressing, and deployment should begin before mid-decade. China also is developing two follow-on extended-range versions of the DF-31: a solid-propellant, mobile ICBM and a solid-propellant submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)."
      The two new DF-31 missiles will be deployed sometime in the middle to later years of this decade.
      Also, China is keeping 12 CSS-3 ICBMs "through the end" of the decade.
      China’s stated military doctrine is that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons in a conflict.
      However, Lt. Gen. Xiong Guangkai, a senior Chinese general, in the late 1990s implicitly threatened to use nuclear missiles against Los Angeles if the United States were to defend Taiwan from a mainland attack. The comments were made to a former Pentagon official who reported them to the White House as a threat by Beijing to use nuclear arms.
      The longer-range DF-31 "can reach much of the United States," the report said.
      According to the report, China has about 20 missiles capable of "targeting the United States" and is increasing the number to 30 by 2005 and possibly as many as 60 by 2010.
      The Chinese also are expected to develop missile capabilities that will defeat a U.S. missile-defense system. The steps include improving the ability of warheads to pass through the defense-shield system, increasing the number of missiles Beijing has deployed, and "development of a multiple-warhead system most likely for the CSS-4."
      China’s 350 short-range missiles — including an upgraded CSS-6 missile — also could be used in attacks against Okinawa, where U.S. military forces are based, in addition to attacks on Taiwan, the report said.
      The report states that China’s buildup of missiles and other military forces near Taiwan "casts a cloud" over Beijing’s announced policy of seeking a peaceful settlement over the issue of the island’s status.
      China views Taiwan as a breakaway province and has

said that if the island’s government declares independence it would be a cause for war.
      The United States, under the Taiwan Relations Act, is committed to preventing the forcible reunification of the island by the mainland. President Bush declared last year that the United States would do "whatever it takes" to defend the island, which has a democratic government, from an attack by the communist-ruled mainland.
      "Beijing has refused to renounce the use of force against Taiwan and has listed several circumstances under which it would take up arms against the island," the report said.
Recent statements about Taiwan and China’s military buildup "may reflect an increasing willingness to consider the use of force to achieve unification," the report said.
      Beijing’s current strategy is not to seek an invasion of Taiwan, as many U.S. military leaders have suggested. Instead, the Chinese government is working on a "coercive" strategy of threats, intimidation, missile attacks and a naval blockade of Taiwan, the report said.
      However, any Chinese attack on Taiwan would be designed to be a rapid strike before any other countries could come to its defense, the report said.
      The report said that among the recent developments is a new Chinese military doctrine of "pre-emption and surprise" that would make up for shortcomings in its current lack of high-technology forces.
      China’s military budget is also increasing sharply and could triple or quadruple its estimated $20 billion current annual spending by 2020.
      Regarding the military balance on the Taiwan Strait, the report said China has more than 300 short-range missiles that can strike Taiwan and that the number will grow "substantially" in the next few years.
      Taiwan’s ability to defend itself against a Chinese missile attack is "negligible," the report said.
      "Preparing for a potential conflict in the Taiwan Strait is the primary driver for China’s military modernization," the report said.
      For the first time, the Pentagon stated that China’s threatening posture toward Taiwan could be used in future conflicts against Japan and the Philippines, both allies of the United States.
      The report also stated that China’s military buildup relies heavily on Russian weapons and technology. Recent weapons have included Sovremenny-class destroyers with supersonic anti-ship missiles.
      Other weapons from Russia include air-defense missiles, Su-27 and Su-30 fighter bombers and Kilo submarines with advanced torpedos.
      The report also provides details on China’s exotic-weapons program, which is under development, including laser guns, anti-satellite weapons and radio-frequency weapons designed to knock out communications.
      The tone of the report that China is a growing military threat to the Asia- Pacific region was softened by statements from Secretary of State Colin L. Powell.
      Asked about the report, Mr. Powell told reporters he had not read it, but that he does not view China’s military buildup as a cause for concern. He added that Beijing’s growing military strength is being watched carefully.
      China’s military buildup "is not in and of itself frightening, as long as it is clear it is a modernization that doesn’t reflect any kind of new strategic purpose or represent any sort of threat to the region," Mr. Powell said.
      Pentagon spokesman Navy Lt. Cmdr. Jeff Davis said the report was "factual and sober."
      —The Washington Times, July 13, 2002, p. 1